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- The Hedera-based IoT e-learning authentication stack hit 4,310 TPS, although performance lagged slightly to 3,425 TPS when combined with knowledge graphs.
- Real-device tests showed 41–47 ms authentication on Raspberry Pi and 55–68 ms on ESP32; BAN+ProVerif runs found no authentication leaks.
Hedera Hashgraph is being cited in new research as a practical base layer for fast and low-energy authentication in IoT-based education systems. The research topic is a typical issue in the e-learning context, utilizing interconnected devices, wherein login and identity verifications might slow down access and increase failure probability when serviced by a single central facility. The proposed model uses Hedera as a trust and ordering layer while keeping sensitive identity data offchain.
According to researcher Marco Slazmann, the research combines Hedera Hashgraph, knowledge graphs, and GAN-assisted dynamic symmetric keys. Hedera Consensus Service is used to create ordered and timestamped events, so authentication actions can be validated and tracked without publishing private payloads. The solution is aimed at deployments where schools and training platforms can be based on low-power devices and high session volumes.
🧵 Hedera + Knowledge Graphs + GAN Keys: A High-TPS, Low-Energy Auth Framework for IoT E-Learning
IoT in e-learning is awesome… until login + identity becomes the bottleneck. Centralized auth = single point of failure, poor scalability, and IoT devices are resource-constrained.… https://t.co/QUqj1e1WyM pic.twitter.com/qP2vKHWjzc
— Marco Ħ 🇩🇪🇻🇪 (@MarcoSalzmann80) January 26, 2026
Meanwhile, Knowledge Graphs are utilized by the semantic component to model identities, attributes, and permissions in a relationship. This aids policy checks on the institution and assists in the control of access policies that cannot be easily controlled in the field of the username. However, the cryptographic aspect introduces a GAN module, which produces dynamic symmetric keys. According to the research, the GAN is not intended to substitute the traditional cryptographic generation of random numbers but to supplement them.
Hedera: Benchmarks Hit 4,310 TPS With Real IoT Hardware
In benchmark testing, the full stack reached 4,310 transactions per second. The study has also measured improvements versus baseline systems, including higher throughput, lower processing time, and lower execution time on larger datasets. Per the study, the energy use measured 6% to 15% lower, and the authentication delay fell by about 23% under heavy network load.
At the same time, the ablation results showed trade-offs between meaning and speed. Hedera with standard cryptography reached about 3,710 TPS. Adding Knowledge Graphs reduced throughput to about 3,425 TPS, reflecting semantic overhead. A blockchain plus Knowledge Graph baseline measured around 3,000 TPS. When the stack combined Hedera, Knowledge Graphs, and GAN-based key dynamics, throughput rose to 4,310 TPS, the best result in the study.
The study also measured the cost of semantic checks in the Knowledge Graph layer. Identity lookups took about 1.9–3.1 ms, while multi-hop reasoning took around 5.8–7.4 ms. Access-control queries came in at roughly 7.2–9.8 ms, showing the added time needed for policy-based validation.
The authors then tested whether low-power devices could keep pace with that overhead. Using Raspberry Pi 4, ESP32, and Arduino Nano 33 IoT, they executed lightweight cryptography, including AES-128 and SHA-256. For a 256-byte input, SHA-256 took 0.42 ms on Pi, 1.21 ms on ESP32, and 4.73 ms on Arduino, while AES-128 decryption took 0.18 ms, 0.83 ms, and 3.95 ms, respectively.
In addition, security validation combined BAN logic and ProVerif across 500 symbolic tests, and the study recorded no confidentiality or authentication failures in those runs. The implementation also used constant-time comparisons and masking steps to reduce timing variance and limit leakage in the authors’ side-channel setup. Meanwhile, outside the research setting, Hedera has also expanded visibility through a multi-year partnership with McLaren Racing, which plans free-to-claim weekend digital collectibles.
Amid these developments, the HBAR token has recovered after a 9% decline in the last 30 days. At press time, the HBAR traded at $0.1057, a 1% decline.
